Everything You Need to Know About Diverticulitis

 


What is Diverticulitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Diverticular disease is a common illness that affects the large intestine as individuals age. The walls of the large intestine can weaken over time, causing small pockets called diverticula to form. These pockets are usually harmless and are quite common, especially in individuals over the age of 40. However, when these pockets become infected or inflamed, it can lead to a condition called diverticulitis.

Symptoms of diverticulitis can range from mild to severe and can mimic other digestive disorders. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests. Treatment options may include antibiotics, pain management, dietary changes, and surgery if necessary. Understanding diverticulitis is important as it can cause discomfort and lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Key Takeaways

  • Diverticulitis is a condition that affects the colon and occurs when the diverticula become inflamed or infected.
  • Symptoms of diverticulitis can range from mild to severe and can mimic other digestive disorders.
  • Treatment options for diverticulitis may include antibiotics, pain management, dietary changes, and surgery if necessary.

Causes of Diverticulitis

What is diverticulitis?

The exact cause of diverticulitis is unknown, but it is believed that a low-fiber diet and a sedentary lifestyle may contribute to its development. When there is not enough fiber in the diet, the stool becomes harder and more difficult to pass, leading to increased pressure on the colon. This pressure can cause olive-sized pouches, known as diverticula, to develop when a spot in the colon gives way under pressure. When the diverticula breaks, inflammation or infection can occur.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diverticulitis

Diverticulitis is a common condition, especially in older adults. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), about half of all Americans over the age of 60 have diverticulosis, which is the condition of having diverticula. However, only a small percentage of people with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis.

Several risk factors contribute to the development of diverticulitis, including age, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and a diet low in fiber. Women may be more likely to develop diverticulitis than men, and people with a family history of diverticulitis are also at increased risk.

There are various factors that contribute to the risk of developing diverticulitis, including:

  • Age: Diverticulitis becomes increasingly common as people age, and it is diagnosed more often in people over the age of forty.

  • Obesity: Obesity is associated with a number of digestive diseases, including diverticulitis. It can increase the chance of developing diverticulitis too. Similarly, a low-fiber diet increases the risk of diverticulitis.

  • Smoking: Individuals who smoke cigarettes are at a higher risk for developing diverticular disease and diverticulitis than those who do not smoke.

  • Lack of exercise: Little or no exercise has been found to increase the risk of diverticulitis.

  • Abundance of red meat: Eating a lot of red meat can trigger diverticulitis. Doctors are not sure why or what constitutes too much, but consuming leaner meats, like chicken or fish, is recommended.

  • Certain medications: A few drugs, such as steroids, opioids, and medications related to ibuprofen and naproxen sodium, are known to put an individual at a greater risk of developing diverticulitis.

Symptoms of Diverticulitis

Diverticulitis is a condition that may not always present obvious symptoms. However, the most common symptom is a sharp pain felt in the lower left abdominal region. Other symptoms that may be experienced include cramping, changes in bowel movements, nausea, chills, and fever. Depending on the severity of the condition, symptoms may vary. Some people may only experience mild symptoms, while others may have severe symptoms that require hospitalization. Symptoms of diverticulitis can include abdominal pain, which is usually felt on the lower left side, but may also occur on the right side in people of Asian descent, nausea and vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, bloating and gas, and fever and chills.

Prevention

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is the best way to prevent diverticulitis. Regular exercise can reduce the pressure inside the colon and aid in normal bowel function. It is not necessary to engage in intense exercise; simply walking every day is sufficient, as long as it is maintained regularly.

A diet that is rich in fiber can also decrease the risk of diverticulitis. Whole grains and vegetables are high in fiber, which can soften waste material and allow it to pass faster through the colon. Increasing fiber intake will also require an increase in fluid intake. Fluids act as natural lubricants within the body's digestive tract, so it is recommended to drink the recommended 8 glasses of water a day to stay hydrated.

By following these preventive measures, one can reduce the risk of developing diverticulitis and maintain a healthy colon.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Surgical Interventions

If a patient experiences complications such as abscesses, fistulas, or bowel obstructions, surgical interventions may be necessary. In some cases, surgery may also be recommended to remove the affected part of the colon.

The laparoscopic approach is the preferred method for most patients. This involves making small incisions in the abdomen and using a camera and specialized instruments to remove the affected tissue. This minimally invasive technique results in less pain, scarring, and a shorter hospital stay compared to traditional open surgery.

However, surgery is not always necessary for diverticulitis. A doctor may order diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis of diverticulitis. These tests may include blood tests to check for signs of infection, stool tests to check for the presence of blood or infection, and imaging tests such as a CT scan or ultrasound to visualize the colon and identify any inflammation or infection.

It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of diverticulitis, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. Diverticulitis can be difficult to diagnose and may go undiagnosed until symptoms occur. A person with diverticulitis may only know they have the disease once they experience extreme stomach pain and go to the hospital. However, it is common for physicians to find diverticulitis when looking for the cause of other symptoms or during a routine colonoscopy.

There are some distinct lab tests that can be beneficial for determining whether or not an individual has diverticulitis. A colonoscopy is usually performed to check out symptoms relating to bleeding or abdominal pain. It is a required routine screening for people over the age of 50. A colonoscopy can lead to the diagnosis of asymptomatic diverticular disease. From there, the patient may be able to make lifestyle adjustments to prevent diverticulitis. A Computerized Tomography Scan (CT scan) consists of a series of x-rays that offer a view of the abdomen and other areas of the body. This scan is usually non-invasive and painless. In some instances, a dye is used to strengthen the visibility of some structures. The dye helps medical professionals visualize organs in the body and look for anything out of the ordinary, like diverticula.

Complications and Management of Diverticulitis



Potential Complications

Diverticulitis is usually a mild condition that can be treated with antibiotics and lifestyle changes. However, some individuals may develop complications. According to Mayo Clinic, about 25% of people with acute diverticulitis develop complications. These complications may include:

  • Abscess: Pus collection in the pouch.
  • Fistula: Abnormal connection between two organs or between an organ and the skin.
  • Bowel obstruction: Partial or complete blockage of the intestine.
  • Peritonitis: Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity.

Severe or persistent diverticulitis can also lead to complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal obstruction. Bleeding from diverticula can be severe and lead to anemia, while severe swelling might cause the colon to temporarily narrow.

Long-Term Management

After an episode of diverticulitis, individuals may need to make long-term lifestyle changes to prevent future episodes and manage the condition. These lifestyle changes may include:

  • High-fiber diet: Eating a high-fiber diet can help soften stools and prevent constipation.
  • Fluids: Drinking plenty of fluids can help prevent constipation.
  • Regular exercise: Exercising regularly can help promote bowel regularity.
  • Avoiding trigger foods: Avoiding foods that may trigger symptoms, such as nuts, seeds, and popcorn.
  • Probiotics: Taking probiotics can help restore healthy gut bacteria.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected part of the colon. This may be recommended for individuals who experience recurrent episodes of diverticulitis or who develop complications such as a bowel obstruction. The decision to undergo surgery should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Prevention Strategies

1. Exercise Regularly

Regular exercise is an effective way to reduce the risk of diverticulitis. It promotes regular bowel function and reduces pressure inside the colon, which can prevent the formation of diverticula. Experts recommend engaging in at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days of the week. This can include activities such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming.

2. Eat More Fiber

A high-fiber diet is essential for preventing diverticulitis. Fiber-rich foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, help soften stool and promote regular bowel movements. This reduces the pressure inside the colon and helps prevent the formation of diverticula. Experts recommend consuming at least 25-30 grams of fiber per day. Some examples of high-fiber foods include apples, berries, broccoli, beans, and whole-grain bread.

3. Drink Plenty of Fluids

Drinking plenty of fluids is important for maintaining regular bowel function and preventing constipation. Experts recommend consuming at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day. If an individual increases their fiber intake, they should also increase their fluid intake to prevent constipation. Other fluids that can help maintain hydration include herbal tea, low-sugar fruit juice, and low-fat milk.

4. Avoid Refined Foods

Refined foods, such as white flour, white rice, and other processed foods, should be avoided. These foods are low in fiber and can contribute to constipation, which can increase the risk of diverticulitis. Instead, individuals should opt for whole-grain products, such as brown rice, whole-wheat bread, and whole-grain pasta.

5. Avoid Red Meat

Red meat should be avoided or consumed in moderation. Studies have shown that a diet high in red meat may increase the risk of diverticulitis. Instead, individuals should opt for lean protein sources, such as fish, poultry, and plant-based proteins. Some examples of plant-based proteins include tofu, lentils, and quinoa.

By following these prevention strategies, individuals can reduce their risk of developing diverticulitis and maintain a healthy colon.

Get Help Today

Individuals who have been diagnosed with diverticular disease should consult with a medical professional to determine the best treatment plan to reduce the risk of diverticulitis. In urgent or serious cases, surgery may be necessary. Every year, approximately 200,000 people are hospitalized for diverticulitis.

For those who have been hospitalized for diverticulitis, a private duty nurse can provide assistance with recovery care, allowing for a safe and speedy return home. Skilled nurses are available for short, hourly visits or overnight care. To learn more about how a private duty nurse can assist with recovery care, individuals can contact a Client Care Coordinator at 650-462-1001.

In addition, a free Post-Hospital Discharge Planning Guide is available for those who would like to learn more about post-hospital care. It is important for individuals to always consult with their doctor or a specialized gastroenterologist with any specific questions or concerns regarding diverticular disease and diverticulitis.

Frequently Asked Questions about Diverticulitis

What are the typical symptoms of diverticulitis?

Diverticulitis is a condition that is characterized by pain in the lower left side of the abdomen that can be constant and persist for several days. In addition to this, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills may also occur. It is important to note that in some cases, the right side of the abdomen may be more painful, especially in people of Asian descent.

How can diverticulitis be effectively treated?

The treatment of diverticulitis depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases can be treated with rest, a liquid diet, and antibiotics. However, more severe cases may require hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and surgery.

When should someone with diverticulitis seek hospital care?

If the symptoms of diverticulitis are severe or if there is a high fever, hospitalization may be necessary. Additionally, if there is rectal bleeding, persistent vomiting, or signs of dehydration, medical attention should be sought immediately.

What dietary changes are recommended for those with diverticulitis?

A high-fiber diet is recommended for those with diverticulitis. This can help prevent the formation of diverticula and reduce the risk of diverticulitis. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans are good sources of fiber. It is important to note that increasing fiber intake should be done gradually to avoid discomfort.

How can one distinguish between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Diverticulosis refers to the presence of diverticula, or small pouches, in the colon. This condition is usually asymptomatic. Diverticulitis, on the other hand, is a complication of diverticulosis that occurs when one of the pouches becomes inflamed or infected.

What foods are known to exacerbate diverticulitis symptoms?

Foods that are low in fiber, such as processed foods, red meat, and dairy products, can exacerbate diverticulitis symptoms. Additionally, foods that are difficult to digest, such as nuts, seeds, and popcorn, can irritate the colon and increase the risk of diverticulitis. It is important to note that each individual's tolerance for these foods may vary, and it is recommended to keep a food diary to track symptoms and identify trigger foods.

In conclusion, individuals with diverticulitis should follow a high-fiber diet and seek medical attention if symptoms are severe or if there is rectal bleeding, persistent vomiting, or signs of dehydration. By making dietary changes and following medical advice, individuals can effectively manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are common symptoms associated with diverticulitis?

Diverticulitis is characterized by a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and fever. The pain is usually felt in the lower left side of the abdomen and can be severe. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

How is diverticulitis typically treated?

Treatment options for diverticulitis depend on the severity of the condition. Mild cases can often be managed with rest, a liquid diet, and antibiotics. More severe cases may require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Surgery may be necessary in rare cases.

When should someone seek hospital care for diverticulitis?

Individuals with diverticulitis should seek hospital care if they experience severe abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, or blood in their stool. These symptoms may indicate a more serious complication, such as a perforation or abscess.

What dietary modifications are recommended for individuals with diverticulitis?

Individuals with diverticulitis are often advised to follow a low-fiber diet during acute flare-ups. This may include consuming clear liquids, such as broth and juice, and avoiding solid foods. Once symptoms have subsided, gradually increasing fiber intake is recommended to prevent future flare-ups.

What are the differences between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Diverticulosis refers to the presence of small pouches, or diverticula, in the lining of the colon. Diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed or infected. While diverticulosis is generally asymptomatic, diverticulitis can cause a range of uncomfortable symptoms.

What are potential complications that can arise from untreated diverticulitis?

Untreated diverticulitis can lead to a number of serious complications, including perforation of the colon, abscess formation, and sepsis. These complications can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

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